Programming Fundamentals, Lecture 1 Intro to computers, what is computer programming?

Programming:
Computer programming  is the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. This source code is written in one or more programming languages. The purpose of programming is to create a set of instructions that computers use to perform specific operations or to exhibit desired behaviors.

Low Level Languages:

Close to the computer hardware.
Difficult to understand & Difficult to write program in low level language.
Work Very fast.

1. Machine Language
2. Assembly Language

Machine Language:
                             Machine languages are the only languages understood by computers. It is the native language of Computers.Sometimes referred to as machine code or object code, machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer reads and interprets. Machine language is the only language a computer is capable of understanding. 
Assembly Language:

                             Assembly language is a low-level programming language used to interface with computer hardware. The translator used to convert assembly language code into machine language is assembler.

mov ax,4C00h
int 21h

High Level Language:
                             An advanced computer programming language that isn't limited by the computer or for one specific job and is more easily understood. Today, there are dozens of high-level languages; some commonly used high-level languages are BASIC, C, FORTAN, Java, and Pascal. The translator used to convert high level language code into machine language is compiler.

Software

•Software is a part of the computer you cannot touch. 

•Software consist of computer programs and procedures that perform some tasks on your computer.

•Computer software is divided into three basic types. 

•System software

               Operating System is the base program on a computer is considered system software.  It tells the computer how to work or operate.  The operating system  also allows you to load other programs that do specialized tasks on to your computer. (ex. Windows XP and Vista)

 

•Application software

•Application software allows you to accomplish one or more specific (non-computer related) tasks. Such as computer games for entertainment or Microsoft Word for typing. 

•Programming software

•Programming software provides tools to assist a computer programmer in writing programs and software.

C How to Program 6th Edition - Paul Deitel & Harvey M. Deitel

C How to Program, 6e, is ideal for introductory courses in C Programming. Also for courses in Programming for Engineers, Programming for Business, and Programming for Technology. This text provides a valuable reference for programmers and anyone interested in learning the C programming language.



The Deitels' groundbreaking How to Program series offers unparalleled breadth and depth of object-oriented programming concepts and intermediate-level topics for further study.


Using the Deitels’ signature “Live-Code™ Approach,” this complete, authoritative introduction to C programming offers strong treatment of structured algorithm and program development in ANSI/ISO C with 150 working C programs. Includes rich, 300-page treatment of object-oriented programming in C++ that helps readers interpret the code more effectively.


About the Author

Dr. Harvey Deitel is one of the world's leading computer science instructors and seminar presenters, and author of more than a dozen books. He worked on the pioneering operating system teams in industry and academia that developed many of the techniques at the heart of operating systems like UNIX®, Windows NT™ and OS/2™.
Paul Deitel has taught Visual Basic, Java, C and C++ at numerous hardware and software companies, including Sun Microsystems, Digital Equipment Corporation, IBM, Open Environment Corporation, Adra Systems, and Cambridge Technology Partners, and is himself an expert developer.

The Deitels are principals of Deitel & Associates, Inc., an international training organization specializing in Visual Basic, Java, C and C++, and object technologies.

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Classification of Computers Lecture 1

Classification of Computers

Types of Computers

·         Analog Computers

Analog computers are used to process continuous data. Analog computers represent variables by physical quantities. Thus any computer which solve problem by translating physical conditions such as flow, temperature, pressure, angular position or voltage into related mechanical or electrical related circuits as an analog for the physical phenomenon being investigated in general it is a computer which uses an analog quantity and produces analog values as output. Thus an analog computer measures continuously. Analog computers are very much speedy. They produce their results very fast. But their results are approximately correct. All the analog computers are special purpose computers.

·         Digital Computers

Digital computer represents physical quantities with the help of digits or numbers. These numbers are used to perform Arithmetic calculations and also make logical decision to reach a conclusion, depending on, the data they receive from the user.

·         Hybrid Computers

Various specifically designed computers are with both digital and analog characteristics combining the advantages of analog and digital computers when working as a system. Hybrid computers are being used extensively in process control system where it is necessary to have a close representation with the physical world.

The hybrid system provides the good precision that can be attained with analog computers and the greater control that is possible with digital computers, plus the ability to accept the input data in either form.

Classification of Computers According to Size

·         Super Computers

Large scientific and research laboratories as well as the government organizations have extra ordinary demand for processing data which required tremendous processing speed, memory and other services which may not be provided with any other category to meet their needs. Therefore very large computers used are called Super Computers. These computers are extremely expensive and the speed is measured in billions of instructions per seconds.

·         Main Frame Computers

The most expensive, largest and the most quickest or speedy computer are called mainframe computers. These computers are used in large companies, factories, organizations etc. the mainframe computers are the most expensive computers, they cost more than 20 million rupees. In this computers 150 users are able to work on one C.P.U. The mainframes are able to process 1 to 8 bits at a time. They have several hundreds of megabytes of primary storage and operate at a speed measured in nano second.

·         Mini Computers

Mini computers are smaller than mainframes, both in size and other facilities such as speed, storage capacity and other services. They are versatile that they can be fitted where ever they are needed. Their speeds are rated between one and fifty million instructions per second (MIPS). They have primary storage in hundred to three hundred megabytes range with direct access storage device.

·         Micro Computers

These are the smallest range of computers. They were introduced in the early 70’s having less storing space and processing speed. Micro computers of todays are equivalent to the mini computers of yesterday in terms of performing and processing. They are also called “computer of a chip” because its entire circuitry is contained in one tiny chip. The micro computers have a wide range of applications including uses as portable computer that can be plugged into any wall.

·         Laptop Computers

The smallest computer in size has been developed. This type of small computers look like an office brief case and called "LAPTOP" computer. The laptops are also termed as "PORTABLE COMPUTERS." Due to the small size and light weight, they become popular among the computer users. The businessmen found laptop very useful, during traveling and when they are far away frm their desktop computers. A typical laptop computer has all the facilities available in microcomputer. The smallest laptops are called "PALMTOP".

Analouge and Digital Computers

A machine or electronic circuit designed to work on numerical data represented by some physical quantity (e.g. rotation or displacement) or electrical quantity (e.g. voltage or charge) which varies continuously, in contrast to digital signals which are either 0 or 1.
For example, the turning of a wheel or changes in voltage can be used as input. Analogue computers are said to operate in real time and are used for research in design where many different shapes and speeds can be tried out quickly. A computer model of a car suspension allows the designer to see the effects of changing size, stiffness and damping.

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